Flukes
There are different pathogenic species of flukes which can affect humans:
-Blood: Schistosoma
-Intestines: Echinostoma, Fasciolopsis, Gastrodiscoides, Heterophyes, Metagonimus
-Liver: Clonorchis, Fasciola, Dicocoelium, Opisthorchis
-Lungs: Paragonimus

Fasciola hepatica is a sheep liver fluke and is found in humans in South America, Cuba, Northern Africa and some parts of Europe. Its intermediate host is a snail. Cercaria (larval forms) develop in the snail and upon their release mature in water and encyst as metacercaria on water vegetation. When humans eat such vegetation, especially water crest, the metacercaria are released in the large intestine, bore through the intestinal wall, and migrate to the liver. There they feed on blood, block bile ducts and cause inflammation. Sometimes they migrate to the eyes, brain or lungs. Adult flukes can be found in the bile ducts and the gallbladder.
Symptoms of infection with fasciola hepatica:
- general tiredness - headaches - appetite loss - rash - changes in the sclera of the eyes - in some cases: fever and shivers
